Here is overview of the program impacts at the end of the program:. The Carrera program produced many outcomes that reduce government spending. These include substantial reductions in teen pregnancy rates, a 30 percent increase in high school graduation or GED achievement, and a 37 percent increase in college enrollment.
Just the increased enrollment in college is likely to offset all the program costs in the long run. Success for All is a comprehensive school-wide reform program, primarily for high-poverty elementary schools, with a strong emphasis on early detection and prevention of reading problems before they become serious.
Key program elements include daily minute reading classes, each of which is formed by grouping together students of various ages who read at the same performance level; a K-1 reading curriculum that focuses on language development e. The schools contained a total of 2, entering kindergarten students administered a pretest at the start of the study. Approximately three years after random assignment, the study assessed reading outcomes for all 2 nd -grade students in the sample schools.
Sixty-nine percent of these students had been exposed to Success for All, or the control condition, for all three years of the study i. Here is an overview of the effects of Success for All on school-wide second-grade reading outcomes, three years after random assignment versus the control schools :.
The major impacts shown to date are on school achievement, primarily reading skills. This increase in skills is likely related to high school graduation and college enrollment rates, both of which have been shown to produce reductions in government spending in the long run. Whether Success for All has impacts on long-term measures such as these remains to be seen. In New York City closed 31 large, failing high schools and replaced them with small schools of choice SSC that featured specialized curriculums, close associations with outside groups such as businesses and non-profit organizations, and teachers and principals who developed their school philosophy together and advertised it to students and parents.
Students entering high school at grade 9 were allowed to apply to several schools. As a result of student and parent self-selection, of the SSCs were oversubscribed. A recent report from The Heritage Foundation detailed 23 of these big government policies that hurt the poor, and provided concrete ways to address them. Winners and losers from big government policies are not always clear. And yet for some crony policies, the winners and losers are very clear.
The winners are a small group of identifiable government cronies, while the losers include people of little or no influence with the government. Here is a look at eight big government policies from the report that benefit government cronies at the expense of other groups of people, including the poor. Then, the Energy Independence and Security Acts significantly increased the amount that must be mixed in. This mandate is known as the Renewable Fuel Standard.
It forces the use of higher levels of biofuels than the market would otherwise bear. The result has been higher food and fuel prices. Who Wins : Corn farmers, soybean farmers, and biofuel companies. Who Loses : Consumers of gasoline, consumers of food, and farmers that rely on feedstock and restaurants. This federal sugar program uses a combination of price supports, marketing allotments that limit how much sugar processors can sell each year, and import restrictions that reduce the amount of imports.
This work relief program had the desired effect, providing jobs for many thousands of Americans during the Great Depression. The CCC was responsible for building many public works projects and created structures and trails in parks across the nation that are still in use today.
The Civil Works Administration was also formed in to create jobs for the unemployed. Its focus on high-paying jobs in the construction sector resulted in a much greater expense to the federal government than originally anticipated. The CWA ended in in large part because of opposition to its cost. A large number of unemployed workers combined with the banking crisis resulted in a situation in which banks recalled loans and people lost their houses.
The FHA was designed to regulate mortgages and housing conditions; today, it still plays a major role in the financing of houses for Americans. The Federal Security Agency, established in , was responsible for oversight of several important government entities.
Until it was abolished in , it oversaw Social Security, federal education funding, and the Food and Drug Administration, which was created in with the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act. The Home Owners' Loan Corporation was created in to assist in the refinancing of homes. The housing crisis created a great many foreclosures, and FDR hoped this new agency would stem the tide. In fact, between and , 1 million people received long-term, low-interest loans through the agency, which saved their homes from foreclosure.
The National Industrial Recovery Act was designed to bring together the interests of working-class Americans and businesses. Through hearings and government intervention, the hope was to balance the needs of all involved in the economy. The court ruled that the NIRA violated the separation of powers.
The Public Works Administration was a program created to provide economic stimulus and jobs during the Great Depression. The PWA was designed to create public works projects and continued until the U. It ended in The Social Security Act of was designed to combat widespread poverty among senior citizens and to aid the disabled.
The government program, one of the few parts of the New Deal still in existence, provides income to retired wage earners and the disabled who have paid into the program throughout their working lives via a payroll deduction.
The result is a system that requires discourse, debate, and compromise to satisfy the broadest possible number of public interests, leading to majority rule. Democracies advocate for fair and free elections, civic participation, human rights protections, and law and order. Iceland had numerous forms of government following its settlement in AD. An independent commonwealth, monarchs, and colonial governments ruled the island for thousands of years. After signing a treaty with Denmark in , Iceland became a fully independent and sovereign state.
The county founded its republic in and has since risen to become one of the world's highest-ranked democracies through systems of social welfare, universal health care, and tertiary education. Communism is a centralized form of government led by a single party that is often authoritarian in its rule. Inspired by German philosopher Karl Marx, communist states replace private property and a profit-based economy with public ownership and communal control of economic production, such as labor, capital goods, and natural resources.
Citizens are part of a classless society that distributes goods and services as needed. The Soviet Union was a one-party, communist state in Northern Eurasia from to Most modern communist states embrace Marxism-Leninism, a communist ideology based on Marx and Russian revolutionary and politician Vladimir Lenin's doctrines.
Socialism is a system that encourages cooperation rather than competition among citizens. Citizens communally own the means of production and distribution of goods and services, while a centralized government manages it. Each person benefits from and contributes to the system according to their needs and ability. They all adhere to socialist policies that combine free-market capitalism with extensive public works, including free healthcare, free education, a comprehensive welfare state, and high percentages of unionized workers.
This approach essentially combines the collective nature of communism with the private ownership and competitiveness of capitalism. Oligarchies are governments in which a collection of individuals rules over a nation. A specific set of qualities, such as wealth, heredity, and race, are used to give a small group of people power.
Oligarchies often have authoritative rulers and an absence of democratic practices or individual rights. The government that ruled South Africa from to was a racially constructed oligarchy.
0コメント